{"id":1120,"date":"2025-11-01T12:02:00","date_gmt":"2025-11-01T12:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/?p=1120"},"modified":"2026-04-21T16:25:24","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T16:25:24","slug":"1015199172025112-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/1015199172025112-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Energetyka j\u0105drowa, zagro\u017cenia, zabezpieczeniaNuclear energy, threats, security"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Wojciech Kramarek \"ORCID<\/a> 1*<\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Afiliacja:<\/summary>\n

1<\/sup> Pa\u0144stwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych im. Ignacego Mo\u015bcickiego w Ciechanowie
* Kontakt \/ Correspondence: wojciech.kramarek@pansim.edu.pl<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n


DOI: 10.15199\/17.2025.11.2<\/strong>, GWiTS 11\/2025, listopad 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pobierz PDF<\/a> (Open Access)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Streszczenie: <\/strong>Bezpiecze\u0144stwo energetyki j\u0105drowej jest oceniane przez trzy parametry: mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 powa\u017cnych awarii z powod\u00f3w technicznych oraz z powodu dzia\u0142alno\u015bci ludzkiej, wytwarzanie odpad\u00f3w radioaktywnych, niebezpiecze\u0144stwo rozprzestrzenianie broni j\u0105drowych. Ka\u017cda maszyna (obiekt) lub instalacja przemys\u0142owa jest wyposa\u017cona w uk\u0142ad sterowania technologicznego (BPCS – Basic Process Control System) pozwalaj\u0105cy na jej normaln\u0105 prac\u0119 Ponadto obiekt musi by\u0107 wyposa\u017cony w uk\u0142ad sterowania odpowiedzialny za bezpiecze\u0144stwo (SIS, Safety Instrumented Systems,) kt\u00f3ry odpowiada za bezpieczne zachowanie obiektu nawet w sytuacjach awaryjnych. Zadaniem system\u00f3w bezpiecze\u0144stwa jest eliminowanie mo\u017cliwo\u015bci powstania niebezpiecznych sytuacji oraz w przypadku ich zaistnienia kontrola powsta\u0142ego hazardu i ryzyka. Ocena bezpiecze\u0144stwa projektu elektrowni j\u0105drowej oraz wyra\u017cenie zgody na jej prac\u0119 nale\u017cy do obowi\u0105zk\u00f3w w\u0142a\u015bciwych krajowych rz\u0105dowych agencji. Chocia\u017c elektrownie j\u0105drowe s\u0105 tak projektowane, aby by\u0142y bezpieczne w czasie pracy oraz w przypadku awarii, nie mo\u017cna wykluczy\u0107 powstania sytuacji niebezpiecznych. Agencje rz\u0105dowe s\u0105 odpowiedzialne za zapewnienie warunk\u00f3w bezpiecznej pracy elektrowni oraz podejmowanie dzia\u0142a\u0144 minimalizuj\u0105cych radiologiczne skutki mo\u017cliwego sabota\u017cu. Zacytowane przepisy dotycz\u0105 szczeg\u00f3lnie obiekt\u00f3w energetyki j\u0105drowej jako obiekt\u00f3w stwarzaj\u0105cych du\u017ce zagro\u017cenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> reaktory nuklearne, reaktory uranowe i torowe, bezpiecze\u0144stwo, systemy bezpiecze\u0144stwa pasywne i aktywne, normowanie europejskie i \u015bwiatowe<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract:
<\/strong>The safety of nuclear energy is assessed based on three parameters: the potential for serious accidents due to technical reasons and human activity, the generation of radioactive waste, danger of nuclear proliferation. Each machine (facility) or industrial installation is equipped with a technological control system (BPCS – Basic Process Control System) enabling its normal operation. Furthermore, the facility must be equipped with a safety control system (SIS, Safety Instrumented Systems), which ensures the facility’s safe operation even in emergency situations. The purpose of safety systems is to eliminate the possibility of hazardous situations and, if they do occur, to control the resulting hazards and risks. Assessing the safety of a nuclear power plant design project and authorizing its operation is the responsibility of the relevant national government agencies. Although nuclear power plants are designed to be safe during operation and in the event of a failure, the occurrence of dangerous situations cannot be ruled out. Government agencies are responsible for ensuring safe operation of power plants and taking measures to minimize the radiological consequences of possible sabotage. The regulations quoted above apply particularly to nuclear power plants as they pose a high risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keywords: <\/strong>nuclear reactors, uranium and thorium reactors, safety, active and passive safety systems, European and world standards<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Bibliografia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1] DOYLE, et., al. 2016\u201cHighly Reliable Nuclear Power for Mission Critical Applications,\u201d Proc. ICAPP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] IAEA TECDOC SERIE:Lessons Learned in Regulating Small Modular Reactors. Internet<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] Internet; https:\/\/www.westinghousenuclear.com\/energy-systems\/evinci-microreactor<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virginia-class_submarine<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/news\/what-are-small-modular-reactors-smrs<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruce_Nuclear_Generating_Station#\/media\/File:Bruce-Nucle<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] http:\/\/atom.edu.pl\/index.php\/bezpieczenstwo\/zabezpieczenia-przed-awaria.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] https:\/\/www.gevernova.com\/nuclear\/carbon-free-power\/bwrx-300-small-modula-reactor<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Small_modular_reactor<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] http:\/\/www.nuscalepower.com\/ot-How-NuScale-Technology-Works.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11] https:\/\/www.gazetaprawna.pl\/wiadomosci\/swiat\/artykuly\/8731698<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12] http:\/\/www.ncbj.edu.pl\/nupex\/G.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13] https:\/\/nuclear.mcmaster.ca\/resources\/how<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14] https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Control_rod<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15] https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wysokotemperaturowy_reaktor_ch%C5%82odzony_gazem<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16] Kramarek W., Sa\u0142aci\u0144ski T., 2013. \u201ePodstawowe zagadnienia bezpiecze\u0144stwa elektrowni j\u0105drowej\u201d Przegl\u0105d Techniczny nr 21,22, 23,24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17] Kramarek W., 2016. \u201dWarunki bezpiecznej pracy elektrowni j\u0105drowej,\u201d Mechanik, stycze\u0144.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18] \u201eMikroreaktory\u201d. Laboratorium Narodowe Idaho. \u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o 21.11.2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19] Reyes, Ingersoll: NuScale Power Plant Resilience Studies Trans. Am. Nucl.Soc, 118, Philadelphia, PA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20] Safety Classification of Passive Nuclear Power Plant Electrical Systems Topical Report. TR-0815-16497-NP-A. Rev. 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21] What is a Nuclear Microreactor?\u201d, Office of Nuclear Energy, Feb. 26, 2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Wojciech Kramarek, GWiTS 11\/2025<\/div>\n

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