{"id":1113,"date":"2025-12-01T12:06:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T12:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/?p=1113"},"modified":"2026-04-21T16:23:30","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T16:23:30","slug":"1015199172025126-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/1015199172025126-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Bezpiecze\u0144stwo proces\u00f3w \/ Safety of processes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7458-0888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wojciech Kramarek <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" class=\"wp-image-2724\" style=\"width: 16px\" src=\"http:\/\/gwits.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/ORCID.png\" alt=\"ORCID ID\"><\/a> <sup>1*<\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Afiliacja:<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><sup>1<\/sup> Pa\u0144stwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych im. Ignacego Mo\u015bcickiego w Ciechanowie<br>* Kontakt \/ Correspondence:&nbsp;<a href=\"mailto:wojciech.kramarek@pansim.edu.pl\">wojciech.kramarek@pansim.edu.pl<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>DOI: <strong>10.15199\/17.2025.12.6<\/strong>, GWiTS 12\/2025, grudzie\u0144 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gazwoda.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1015199172025126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pobierz w PDF<\/a> (Open Access)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Streszczenie:<\/strong><br>Unia Europejska uznaje bezpiecze\u0144stwo ludzkie w \u015brodowisku pracy jako g\u0142\u00f3wny priorytet. Aby zmniejszy\u0107 udzia\u0142 wypadk\u00f3w w pracy, EU wyda\u0142a szereg akt\u00f3w prawnych powi\u0105zanych z zagadnieniami bezpiecznej pracy maszyn i instalacji. Uchwalone przepisy wymagaj\u0105 projektowania, wyprodukowania i u\u017cytkowania na terenie EU tylko bezpiecznych obiekt\u00f3w technicznych, nie zagra\u017caj\u0105cych ludziom oraz \u015brodowisku. Obiekty techniczne, ze wzgl\u0119du na potencjalne zagro\u017cenia, musz\u0105 by\u0107 zabezpieczone uk\u0142adami bezpiecze\u0144stwa, niezale\u017cnymi od uk\u0142ad\u00f3w steruj\u0105cych produkcj\u0105. Uk\u0142ady te w sytuacjach zagro\u017ce\u0144 ludzi i obiekt\u00f3w technicznych powinny zacz\u0105\u0107 dzia\u0142a\u0107 i doprowadzi\u0107 do zminimalizowania wytworzonego ryzyka. Uk\u0142ady bezpiecze\u0144stwa mog\u0105 w pewnych sytuacjach okaza\u0107 si\u0119 zawodne i nie zadzia\u0142a\u0107 prawid\u0142owo. Stopie\u0144 niezawodno\u015bci ich dzia\u0142ania mo\u017cna zwi\u0119kszy\u0107 przez odpowiedni\u0105 rozbudow\u0119 tych uk\u0142ad\u00f3w. Poziom rozbudowy uk\u0142ad\u00f3w, odpowiedzialnych za bezpiecze\u0144stwo (SIS), zale\u017cy od poziomu ryzyka tworzonego przez obiekty. Im wi\u0119ksze zagro\u017cenia tym musi by\u0107 wi\u0119ksza niezawodno\u015b\u0107 system\u00f3w bezpiecze\u0144stwa oraz lepiej rozbudowane poziomy ochronne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>S\u0142owa kluczowe:<\/strong> proces, bezpiecze\u0144stwo procesu, systemy i uk\u0142ad bezpiecze\u0144stwa, uk\u0142ady sterowania, normowanie mi\u0119dzynarodowe i europejskie, dyrektywy Seveso, Inspekcja ochrony \u015brodowiska, normy 61508 oraz 61511<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><br>The European Union recognizes human safety in the workplace as a top priority. To reduce the incidence of occupational accidents, the EU has issued a number of legal acts related to the safe operation of machinery and installations. The regulations require the design, production, and use within the EU of only safe technical facilities that do not pose a threat to people or the environment. Due to potential threats, technical facilities must be protected by safety systems independent of production control systems. These systems should be activated in situations where people or technical facilities are at risk, minimizing the resulting risk. Safety systems may, in certain situations, prove unreliable and fail to function properly. Their operational reliability can be improved by appropriately upgrading these systems. The level of development of safety systems (SIS) depends on the level of risk posed by the facilities. The greater the risks, the greater the reliability of safety systems and the more extensive the protection levels required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Keywords: <\/strong>process, safety of process, safety control, control systems, international and Europeans standards, Seveso directives, Inspection of environmental protection, Standards 61508 and 61511<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bibliografia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] Bezpiecze\u0144stwo proces\u00f3w przemys\u0142owych. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.industrial-monitor.pl\/informacje\/bezpiecze\u0144stwo\/3031\">http:\/\/www.industrial-monitor.pl\/informacje\/bezpiecze\u0144stwo\/3031<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2] Dyrektor ds. Zdrowia i Bezpiecze\u0144stwa, \u201eKatastrofa we Flixborough: raport s\u0105du \u015bledczego\u201d, HMSO, ISBN 0113610750, 1975.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3] Dyrektywa Seveso II, art. 8 zatytu\u0142owany \u201eEfekt domina\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[4] <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gas_flare55https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proces_technologiczny\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gas_flare55https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proces_technologiczny<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[5] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pilz.com\/pl-PL\/services\/machinery-safety\/risk \u2013 assessment\">https:\/\/www.pilz.com\/pl-PL\/services\/machinery-safety\/risk \u2013 assessment<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[6] <a href=\"http:\/\/www.endress.home.pl\">http:\/\/www.endress.home.pl<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[7] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.realpars.com\/blog\/safety-instrumented-system\">https:\/\/www.realpars.com\/blog\/safety-instrumented-system<\/a>. What Is a Safety Instrumented System?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[8] <a href=\"http:\/\/www.schmersal.pl\">http:\/\/www.schmersal.pl<\/a> Industrial_safety_systems<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[9] <a href=\"https:\/\/ammoniaknowhow.com\/safety-instrumented-systems-sis-in-nitrogen-plants\/\">https:\/\/ammoniaknowhow.com\/safety-instrumented-systems-sis-in-nitrogen-plants\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[10] Kramarek W. 2012. \u201eStrategia bezpiecze\u0144stwa maszyn i instalacji\u201d, Journal of machine engineering, Wroc\u0142aw.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[11] Kramarek W.2015.\u201d Konstrukcje wewn\u0119trznie bezpieczne\u201d Mechanik, nr 4\/2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[12] Kramarek W., Szulewski P. 2012. \u201eSystemy bezpiecze\u0144stwa wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych maszyn i urz\u0105dze\u0144 technologicznych\u201d Journal of machine engineering, Wroc\u0142aw.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[13] Kramarek W., Sa\u0142aci\u0144ski T.2013. \u201eBezpiecze\u0144stwo elektrowni j\u0105drowej (1)&#8221;, Przegl\u0105d Techniczny, polski, 24-25\/2013, ISSN 0137-8783, pp. 20-30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[14] Kramarek W.2016.\u201d Zagadnienia bezpiecze\u0144stwa elektrowni j\u0105drowej\u201d, Mechanik, (2):125-128.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[15] Kramarek W.2016. \u201eProces, bezpiecze\u0144stwo procesu, systemy i uk\u0142ady bezpiecze\u0144stwa, uk\u0142ady sterowania\u201d Przegl\u0105d spawalnictwa nr 6\/2016, PL ISSN 0033-2364<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[16] 15. Kramarek W., \u015aniegulska-Gr\u0105dzka D. 2018.\u201d Bezpiecze\u0144stwo na wielu poziomach\u201d Chemia przemys\u0142owa, 5\/2018 ISSN 1734-8013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[17] 16. Kramarek W., \u015aniegulska-Gr\u0105dzka D.2018 \u201eNiebezpieczna maszyna\u201d, Chemia przemys\u0142owa, 3-4 2018 ISSN 1734-8013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[18] Product Bulletin 2019 57.1:001 July 2019 Fischer.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[19] Leszek Czepirski, Technologia Chemiczna, wyk\u0142ad 1\/2010, Akademia G\u00f3rniczo \u2013Hutnicza, Wydzia\u0142 Energetyki i Paliw (pol.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[20] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abhisam.com\/what-is-a-safety-instrumented-function\">https:\/\/www.abhisam.com\/what-is-a-safety-instrumented-function<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\">Wojciech Kramarek, GWiTS 12\/2025<\/div>\n<p> <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/1015199172025126-2\/\" title=\"Bezpiecze\u0144stwo proces\u00f3w \/ Safety of processes\"> &#8230;<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[33],"class_list":["post-1113","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-wszystkie_artykuly","tag-12-2025"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1113","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1113"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1113\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3296,"href":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1113\/revisions\/3296"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1113"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1113"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gwits.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}